Family Socioeconomic Factors as a Risk Factor for ARI Incidence in Toddlers in Pekauman Dalam Village, Banjar Regency, Indonesia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35916/thmr.v7i2.138Abstract
Acute Respiratory Tract Infections (ARI) remain a leading cause of infant mortality worldwide, including in Indonesia. Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan, has the highest infant pneumonia mortality rate in the province, despite its lower prevalence. This situation necessitates a study of the risk factors contributing to the incidence of ARI, particularly from a family's socioeconomic perspective. This study aims to determine the relationship between the incidence of ARI in toddlers and family socioeconomic risk factors in Pekauman Dalam Village, Banjar Regency. This study used an analytical study design with a cross-sectional approach. A sample of 28 toddlers was selected using total sampling. Data were collected through structured questionnaires completed by the toddlers' mothers/caregivers. Data analysis was performed bivariately using simple binary logistic regression, with further analysis using the Chi-Square test and Fisher's Exact Test on significant variables. The results of the study showed that among the 28 toddlers examined, six toddlers (21.4%) exhibited symptoms of acute respiratory infections (ARI). Statistical analysis revealed that, among all variables tested, only the toddler's age had a significant association with ARI incidence (p = 0.001; Fisher's Exact Test = 0.011). Toddlers aged ?1 year had a higher proportion of ARI cases than toddlers aged >1 year. Other variables such as family income, home ownership, residential density, cooking fuel, and maternal education did not show statistically significant relationships, although some had p-values approaching the significance threshold. Toddler age was the main risk factor influencing ARI cases in this study. Although most other socioeconomic factors were not statistically significant, these aspects are still important to consider in ARI prevention efforts. This study can form the basis for more targeted preventive interventions in areas with high socioeconomic vulnerability.
References
World Health Organization (WHO). Pneumonia. Geneva: WHO; 2021. accessed in July 2025. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/pneumonia
World Health Organization (WHO). Pneumonia [Internet]. Geneva: WHO; 2016. accessed in July 2025. http://www.who.int
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Laporan Nasional Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2018. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 2018.
Dinas Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan. Profil Kesehatan Provinsi Kalimantan Selatan Tahun 2020. Banjarbaru: Dinkes Kalsel; 2021.
Acharya P, Mishra SR, Berg-Beckhoff G. Solid fuel in kitchen and acute respiratory tract infection among under five children: evidence from Nepal demographic and health survey 2011. J Community Health. 2015;40(3):515–21.
Adesanya OA, Chiao C. Environmental risks associated with symptoms of acute respiratory infection among preschool children in North-Western and South-Southern Nigeria Communities. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2017;14(11):1396. doi:10.3390/ijerph14111396
Akinyemi JO, Morakinyo OM. Household environment and symptoms of childhood acute respiratory tract infections in Nigeria, 2003–2013: a decade of progress and stagnation. BMC Infect Dis. 2018;18:296. doi:10.1186/s12879-018-3207-5
Rayhan Sk, Rasooly MH, Barua S. Do fuel type and place of cooking matter for acute respiratory infection among Afghan children? J Biosoc Sci. 2019;1–14. doi:10.1017/S002193201900035X
Lutpiatina L, Sulistyorini L, Notobroto HB, Raya RP, Utama RD, Thuraidah A. Multilevel analysis of lifestyle and household environment for toddlers with symptoms of acute respiratory infection (ARI) in Indonesia in 2007, 2012 and 2017. Glob Pediatr Health. 2022;9:1–13.
Shibata T, Wilson JL, Watson LM, LeDuc A, Meng C, La Ane R, Maidin A. Childhood acute respiratory infections and household environment in an eastern Indonesian urban setting. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2014;11(12):12190–203. doi:10.3390/ijerph111212190
Tazinya AA, Halle-Ekane GE, Mbuagbaw LT, Abanda M, Atashili J, Obama MT. Risk factors for acute respiratory infections in children under five years attending the Bamenda Regional Hospital in Cameroon. BMC Pulm Med. 2018;18:7. doi:10.1186/s12890-018-0579-7
Tin ST, et al. Internal living environment and respiratory disease in children: findings from the Growing Up in New Zealand longitudinal child cohort study. Environ Health. 2016;15(120):1–10.
Hidayanti R, Yetti H, Putra EA. Risk factors for acute respiratory infection in children under five in Padang, Indonesia. J Matern Child Health. 2019;4(2):62–9. doi:10.26911/thejmch.2019.04.02.01
Addisu A, Getahun T, Deti M, Negesse Y, Mekonnen B. Association of acute respiratory infections with indoor air pollution from biomass fuel exposure among under-five children in Jimma Town, Southwestern Ethiopia. J Environ Public Health. 2021;2021:7112548. doi:10.1155/2021/7112548
Mondal D, Paul P. Effects of indoor pollution on acute respiratory infections among under-five children in India: Evidence from a nationally representative population-based study. PLoS One. 2020;15(8):e0237611. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0237611
Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 829/MENKES/SK/VII/1999 tentang persyaratan kesehatan perumahan [Internet]. Jakarta: Kemenkes RI; 1999. accessed in July 2025.https://dokumen.tips/documents/kepmenkes-ri-no-829-tahun-1999-persyaratan-kesehatan-perumahan.html
Cardoso AM, Coimbra CE Jr, Werneck GL. Risk factors for hospital admission due to acute lower respiratory tract infection in Guarani indigenous children in southern Brazil: a population-based case-control study. Trop Med Int Health. 2013;18(5):596–607.
Abebaw B, Damtie D. Pneumonia prevalence and associated risk factors among under-five children in Goncha Siso Enesie District, Northwest Ethiopia. Adv Public Health. 2022;2022:1–8. doi:10.1155/2022/6497895.
Admasie A, Kumie A, Worku A. Children under five from houses of unclean fuel sources and poorly ventilated houses have higher odds of suffering from acute respiratory infection in Wolaita-Sodo, Southern Ethiopia: a case-control study. J Environ Public Health. 2018;2018:1–9.
Andualem Z, Taddese AA, Azene ZN, Azanaw J, Dagne H. Respiratory symptoms and associated risk factors among under-five children in Northwest Ethiopia: community-based cross-sectional study. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2020;15:685. doi:10.4081/mrm.2020.685.
